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<h1>Customizing DNS Service</h1>




<p>This page explains how to configure your DNS Pod and customize the
DNS resolution process. In Kubernetes version 1.11 and later, CoreDNS is at GA
and is installed by default with kubeadm. See <a href="index.html#config-coredns">Configuring CoreDNS</a>
and <a href="../coredns/index.html">Using CoreDNS for Service Discovery</a>.</p>











<ul id="markdown-toc">










<li><a href="index.html#before-you-begin">Before you begin</a></li>












<li><a href="index.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>




<li><a href="index.html#inheriting-dns-from-the-node">Inheriting DNS from the node</a></li>




<li><a href="index.html#configure-stub-domain-and-upstream-dns-servers">Configure stub-domain and upstream DNS servers</a></li>












<li><a href="index.html#configmap-options">ConfigMap options</a></li>












<li><a href="index.html#configuring-coredns-config-coredns">Configuring CoreDNS {config-coredns}</a></li>




<li><a href="index.html#coredns-configmap-options">CoreDNS ConfigMap options</a></li>




<li><a href="index.html#migration-to-coredns">Migration to CoreDNS</a></li>




<li><a href="index.html#what-s-next">What’s next</a></li>











</ul>



<h2 id="before-you-begin">Before you begin</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must
be configured to communicate with your cluster. If you do not already have a
cluster, you can create one by using
<a href="../../../getting-started-guides/minikube">Minikube</a>,
or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:</p></li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.katacoda.com/courses/kubernetes/playground" target="_blank">Katacoda</a></li>
<li><a href="http://labs.play-with-k8s.com/" target="_blank">Play with Kubernetes</a></li>
</ul>
 

<p>To check the version, enter <code>kubectl version</code>.</p>

<ul>
<li>Kubernetes version 1.6 or later. To work with CoreDNS, version 1.9 or later.</li>
<li>The appropriate add-on: kube-dns or CoreDNS. To install with kubeadm,
see <a href="../../../reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/kubeadm-alpha.1#cmd-phase-addon">the kubeadm reference documentation</a>.</li>
</ul>




<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>

<p>DNS is a built-in Kubernetes service launched automatically
using the addon manager
<a href="http://releases.k8s.io/v1.11.3/cluster/addons/README.md" target="_blank">cluster add-on</a>.</p>

<p>The running DNS Pod holds 3 containers:</p>

<ul>
<li>&ldquo;<code>kubedns</code>&ldquo;: watches the Kubernetes master for changes
in Services and Endpoints, and maintains in-memory lookup structures to serve
DNS requests.</li>
<li>&ldquo;<code>dnsmasq</code>&ldquo;: adds DNS caching to improve performance.</li>
<li>&ldquo;<code>sidecar</code>&ldquo;: provides a single health check endpoint
to perform healthchecks for <code>dnsmasq</code> and <code>kubedns</code>.</li>
</ul>

<p>The DNS Pod is exposed as a Kubernetes Service with a static IP.
The kubelet passes DNS to each container with the <code>--cluster-dns=&lt;dns-service-ip&gt;</code>
flag.</p>

<p>DNS names also need domains. You configure the local domain in the kubelet
with the flag <code>--cluster-domain=&lt;default-local-domain&gt;</code>.</p>

<p>The Kubernetes cluster DNS server is based on the
<a href="https://github.com/skynetservices/skydns" target="_blank">SkyDNS</a> library. It supports forward
lookups (A records), service lookups (SRV records), and reverse IP address
lookups (PTR records).</p>

<h2 id="inheriting-dns-from-the-node">Inheriting DNS from the node</h2>

<p>When running a Pod, kubelet prepends the cluster DNS server and searches
paths to the node&rsquo;s DNS settings.  If the node is able to resolve DNS names
specific to the larger environment, Pods should also be able to resolve.
But see <a href="index.html#known-issues">Known issues</a>.</p>

<p>If you don&rsquo;t want this, or if you want a different DNS config for pods, you can
use the kubelet&rsquo;s <code>--resolv-conf</code> flag.  Set this flag to &ldquo;&rdquo; to prevent Pods from
inheriting DNS. Set it to a valid file path to specify a file other than
<code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> for DNS inheritance.</p>

<h2 id="configure-stub-domain-and-upstream-dns-servers">Configure stub-domain and upstream DNS servers</h2>

<p>Cluster administrators can specify custom stub domains and upstream nameservers
by providing a ConfigMap for kube-dns (<code>kube-system:kube-dns</code>).</p>

<p>For example, the following ConfigMap sets up a DNS configuration with a single stub domain and two
upstream nameservers:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">apiVersion:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>v1<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>kind:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>ConfigMap<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>metadata:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>name:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>kube-dns<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>namespace:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>kube-system<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>data:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>stubDomains:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">|
</span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">    {&#34;acme.local&#34;: [&#34;1.2.3.4&#34;]}</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>upstreamNameservers:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">|
</span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">    [&#34;8.8.8.8&#34;, &#34;8.8.4.4&#34;]</span></code></pre></div>
<p>DNS requests with the “.acme.local” suffix
are forwarded to a DNS listening at 1.2.3.4. Google Public DNS
serves the upstream queries.</p>

<p>The table below describes how queries with certain domain names map to
their destination DNS servers:</p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Domain name</th>
<th>Server answering the query</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local</td>
<td>kube-dns</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>foo.acme.local</td>
<td>custom DNS (1.2.3.4)</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>widget.com</td>
<td>upstream DNS (one of 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<p>See <a href="index.html#configmap-options">ConfigMap options</a> for
details about the configuration option format.</p>




<h3 id="effects-on-pods">Effects on Pods</h3>

<p>Custom upstream nameservers and stub domains do not affect Pods with a
<code>dnsPolicy</code> set to &ldquo;<code>Default</code>&rdquo; or &ldquo;<code>None</code>&rdquo;.</p>

<p>If a Pod&rsquo;s <code>dnsPolicy</code> is set to &ldquo;<code>ClusterFirst</code>&rdquo;, its name resolution is
handled differently, depending on whether stub-domain and upstream DNS servers
are configured.</p>

<p><strong>Without custom configurations</strong>: Any query that does not match the configured
cluster domain suffix, such as &ldquo;www.kubernetes.io&rdquo;, is forwarded to the upstream
nameserver inherited from the node.</p>

<p><strong>With custom configurations</strong>: If stub domains and upstream DNS servers are
configured,
DNS queries are routed according to the following flow:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>The query is first sent to the DNS caching layer in kube-dns.</p></li>

<li><p>From the caching layer, the suffix of the request is examined and then
forwarded to the appropriate DNS, based on the following cases:</p>

<ul>
<li><p><em>Names with the cluster suffix</em>, for example &ldquo;.cluster.local&rdquo;:
The request is sent to kube-dns.</p></li>

<li><p><em>Names with the stub domain suffix</em>, for example &ldquo;.acme.local&rdquo;:
The request is sent to the configured custom DNS resolver, listening for example at 1.2.3.4.</p></li>

<li><p><em>Names without a matching suffix</em>, for example &ldquo;widget.com&rdquo;:
The request is forwarded to the upstream DNS,
for example Google public DNS servers at 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4.</p></li>
</ul></li>
</ol>

<p><img src="dns.png" alt="DNS lookup flow" /></p>

<h2 id="configmap-options">ConfigMap options</h2>

<p>Options for the kube-dns <code>kube-system:kube-dns</code> ConfigMap:</p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Field</th>
<th>Format</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>stubDomains</code> (optional)</td>
<td>A JSON map using a DNS suffix key such as “acme.local”, and a value consisting of a JSON array of DNS IPs.</td>
<td>The target nameserver can itself be a Kubernetes Service. For instance, you can run your own copy of dnsmasq to export custom DNS names into the ClusterDNS namespace.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>upstreamNameservers</code> (optional)</td>
<td>A JSON array of DNS IPs.</td>
<td>If specified, the values replace the nameservers taken by default from the node’s <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code>. Limits: a maximum of three upstream nameservers can be specified.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>

<h4 id="example-stub-domain">Example: Stub domain</h4>

<p>In this example, the user has a Consul DNS service discovery system they want to
integrate with kube-dns. The consul domain server is located at 10.150.0.1, and
all consul names have the suffix <code>.consul.local</code>.  To configure Kubernetes, the
cluster administrator creates the following ConfigMap:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">apiVersion:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>v1<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>kind:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>ConfigMap<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>metadata:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>name:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>kube-dns<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>namespace:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>kube-system<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>data:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>stubDomains:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">|
</span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">    {&#34;consul.local&#34;: [&#34;10.150.0.1&#34;]}</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Note that the cluster administrator does not want to override the node’s
upstream nameservers, so they did not specify the optional
<code>upstreamNameservers</code> field.</p>

<h4 id="example-upstream-nameserver">Example: Upstream nameserver</h4>

<p>In this example the cluster administrator wants to explicitly force all
non-cluster DNS lookups to go through their own nameserver at 172.16.0.1.
In this case, they create a ConfigMap with the
<code>upstreamNameservers</code> field specifying the desired nameserver:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">apiVersion:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>v1<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>kind:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>ConfigMap<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>metadata:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>name:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>kube-dns<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>namespace:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>kube-system<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>data:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>upstreamNameservers:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">|
</span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">    [&#34;172.16.0.1&#34;]</span></code></pre></div>












<h2 id="configuring-coredns-config-coredns">Configuring CoreDNS {config-coredns}</h2>

<p>You can configure <a href="https://coredns.io/" target="_blank">CoreDNS</a> as a service discovery.</p>

<p>CoreDNS is available as an option in Kubernetes starting with version 1.9.
It is currently a <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/keps/sig-network/0010-20180314-coredns-GA-proposal.md" target="_blank">GA feature</a> and is on course to be <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/keps/sig-network/0012-20180518-coredns-default-proposal.md" target="_blank">the default</a>, replacing kube-dns.</p>

<h2 id="coredns-configmap-options">CoreDNS ConfigMap options</h2>

<p>CoreDNS chains plugins and can be configured by maintaining a Corefile with the ConfigMap. CoreDNS supports all the functionalities and more that is provided by kube-dns.
A ConfigMap created for kube-dns to support <code>StubDomains</code>and <code>upstreamnameserver</code> translates to the <code>proxy</code> plugin in CoreDNS.
Similarly, the <code>Federation</code> plugin translates to the <code>federation</code> plugin in CoreDNS.</p>

<h3 id="example">Example</h3>

<p>This example ConfigMap for kube0dns specifies federations, stubdomains and upstreamnameservers:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">apiVersion:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>v1<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>data:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>federations:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">|
</span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">    {&#34;foo&#34; : &#34;foo.feddomain.com&#34;}</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>stubDomains:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">|
</span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">    {&#34;abc.com&#34; : [&#34;1.2.3.4&#34;], &#34;my.cluster.local&#34; : [&#34;2.3.4.5&#34;]}</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">  </span>upstreamNameservers:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">|
</span><span style="color:#b44;font-style:italic">    [&#34;8.8.8.8&#34;, &#34;8.8.4.4&#34;]</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>kind:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>ConfigMap</code></pre></div>
<p>The equivalent configuration in CoreDNS creates a Corefile:</p>

<ul>
<li><p>For federations:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">federation<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>cluster.local<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>{<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">       </span>foo<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>foo.feddomain.com<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>}</code></pre></div></li>

<li><p>For stubDomains:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">abc.com:<span style="color:#666">53</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>{<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>errors<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>cache<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">30</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>proxy<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">1.2</span>.<span style="color:#666">3.4</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>}<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>my.cluster.local:<span style="color:#666">53</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>{<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>errors<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>cache<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">30</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>proxy<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">2.3</span>.<span style="color:#666">4.5</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"></span>}</code></pre></div></li>
</ul>

<p>The complete Corefile with the default plugins:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">.:<span style="color:#666">53</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>{<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>errors<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>health<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>kubernetes<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>cluster.local<span style="color:#bbb">  </span>in-addr.arpa<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>ip6.arpa<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>{<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">           </span>upstream<span style="color:#bbb">  </span><span style="color:#666">8.8</span>.<span style="color:#666">8.8</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">8.8</span>.<span style="color:#666">4.4</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">           </span>pods<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>insecure<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">           </span>fallthrough<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>in-addr.arpa<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>ip6.arpa<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>}<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>federation<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>cluster.local<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>{<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">           </span>foo<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>foo.feddomain.com<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>}<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>prometheus<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>:<span style="color:#666">9153</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>proxy<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb">  </span><span style="color:#666">8.8</span>.<span style="color:#666">8.8</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">8.8</span>.<span style="color:#666">4.4</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>cache<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">30</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>}<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>abc.com:<span style="color:#666">53</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>{<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>errors<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>cache<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">30</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>proxy<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">1.2</span>.<span style="color:#666">3.4</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>}<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>my.cluster.local:<span style="color:#666">53</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>{<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>errors<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>cache<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">30</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">        </span>proxy<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#666">2.3</span>.<span style="color:#666">4.5</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb">    </span>}</code></pre></div>
<p>In Kubernetes version 1.10 and later, kubeadm supports automatic translation of the CoreDNS ConfigMap from the kube-dns ConfigMap.</p>

<h2 id="migration-to-coredns">Migration to CoreDNS</h2>

<p>A number of tools support the installation of CoreDNS instead of kube-dns.
To migrate from kube-dns to CoreDNS, <a href="https://coredns.io/2018/05/21/migration-from-kube-dns-to-coredns/" target="_blank">a detailed blog</a> is available to help users adapt CoreDNS in place of kube-dns.</p>

<h2 id="what-s-next">What&rsquo;s next</h2>

<ul>
<li><a href="../dns-debugging-resolution/index.html">Debugging DNS Resolution</a>.</li>
</ul>








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